Electronic Ticketing
Developing the Business Case
An electronic ticket or e-ticket, as the name suggests, is the use of the electronic media usually, the internet, to book or purchase airline tickets. E-ticketing can also be done via the telephone but is not as popular as the booking of tickets through the internet. The use of e-ticketing has become so popular and feasible that it has now become a mandatory for all IATA members from June 2008. The e-tickets are stored in the airline’s digital database and the customers can normally take a printout for their own recognition purposes. The advantages that most aviation companies provide with the e-ticketing process include the aspects of early check-in, getting confirmation outside of the airport premises with computerized payment and refund processes (IATA, 2009).
As of now, most airlines providing e-ticketing surfaces can only do so a total of 16 segments that comprise of the surface segments as well, as authorized by the IATA obligations. However, in recent months, under the Simplifying the Business program run by IATA, this is being switched to a 100% e-ticketing structure for airline bookings. According to stats, this change has resulted in the aviation industry saving up to a total of U.S.$3 billion ((IATA, 2009)).
Some of the most beneficial factors of E-Ticketing include the overall cost savings on the printing, mailing and postage of tickets, finance re-allocation, financial saving on the hired employees for the printing or delivering of tickets, barcode validation resulting in higher security, eliminating chance of loss of ticket as all the records are digitally stored, immediate delivery through simple printouts of details, the added information about destinations being visited like maps and places to go etc. And the opportunity to gain finances through providing space for online advertisements (Holtzman, 1999).
The phenomenon of Electronic Ticketing has fast established itself as a necessary means of booking airline tickets. The airport very rarely shows sights of anxious who search rigorously through their carry-on or bag to locate the ticket. Electronic tickets, according to an examination conducted by International Air Transport Association, a trade association that encompassed a total of 94% of global air travel responsibilities, projected that more then 92% of the tickets for air travel were purchased through the electronic ticketing system by the end of 2007 (IATA, 2009).
The same survey also shows that an approximate of 97% of ticket purchase was done through the electronic ticketing system by the end of 2007 in the United States alones. Most airlines all over the world are now turning to the phenomenon of electronic ticketing and aiming to gain a 100% ticket trade through that system in order to not only cut back on employee expenses but also paper wastage as will be explained a little further in this case (IATA, 2009).
The main aim of this paper is to develop and present a business case for the adoption of the electronic ticketing system in our airline, Efficient Airline, as a means to improve the overall cost benefit ratio in the company as well as improve overall efficiency of service, competitive edge and long-term profitability within the airline industry. Efficient Airline is a fast expanding airline in the aviation industry with an annual approximation of air travelers amounting to more than 8 million and visiting destinations totaling to 20 worldwide. The total number of ticket offices that Efficient Airline runs including the one that functions in the airport and the town office are 35 with the average segments/ticket coupons per passenger are normally at 3 segments/3 coupons; the total strength of sales and ticketing employees in the Efficient Airline company amount up to 200. More details of the Efficient Airline and its expansion to adopt the electronic ticketing system will be given in the Profile and Scope section later in the paper.
This paper will look at all the possible project management angles that will need to work efficiently in order to successfully establish the electronic ticketing system within the Efficient Airline company as well as justify this move by explaining the phenomenon of Electronic Ticketing, the potential changes in the structure that might occur with its implementation as well as recommend the appropriate risk management plan that could be adopted with the integration of the new system.
Project management
Project management is very simply a macro-managed effort to guide an idea towards completion and implementation within a specified frame of time. According to the guidelines given in the book “A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge,” there are five primary aspects that any and every project manager must keep in mind for efficiency and success (Project Management Institute, 2004). These five aspects are:
1. Initiating,
2. Planning,
3. Executing,
4. Controlling and
5. Monitoring, and Closing
Each and every stage in this particular aspect of project management bears its own importance and significance for the successful completion of an efficient and sustainable electronic ticketing structure. Initiating a completely new idea within a company structure can pose its own share of risks but in this case, the advantage was that the idea of electronic ticketing has already been practically tested and is proving to be more feasible in the aviation industry with the passage of time. There are many aspects that Project Managers (PMs) need to keep in mind in this first stage in order to define clear goals and objectives. One of the most important of these aspects are defining the knowledge areas that the entire team as well as the manager on a personal level need to be completely aware of in order to move forward with the implementation of a new electronic ticketing system (Project Management Institute, 2004).
According to the book “A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge,” the eight main knowledge areas, which are:
1. “Project Integration Management,
2. Project Scope Management,
3. Project Time Management,
4. Project Cost Management,
5. Project Quality Management,
6. Project Human Resource Management,
7. Project Communications Management,
8. Project Risk Management (Project Management Institute, 2004).
The first knowledge area, as the name suggests, involves the proper incorporation of a new program within an already established business structure. In this stage, it is very important to clearly define how the addition will help the performance of the system and why it was a necessary integration. Furthermore, strategies need to be developed that will help everyone, from the stakeholders, to the employees, to the clients, understand the functioning and utilization of the new process in the system. The second stage is directly related to the first stage. The scope management strategies are mainly designed to help sell the additional technology to the people who will use it. Scope dimensions help everyone understand how significantly the new technology will help the existing system and what could the impact of its incorporation in the long run. The third and fourth stages co-exist in many instances. Usually time management is associated with the completion of the project and then associated with the cost management in terms of how much financial costs are cut back due to the new technology or how much profit is made because of its integration. Cost management is also an important part of any project management structure as it deals with the overall budget allocation of the integration process (Project Management Institute, 2004).
Quality management is a very important knowledge area that needs to be mastered in any project management structure. Quality assurance is one of the guarantees that stakeholders and clients expect from their service providers and if the new project does not guarantee an enhanced level of quality with its integration then the chances of its adoption decrease significantly. Human resource and communications management are also interlinked in the domain of project management. The human resource, as the name suggests, is the employees that are hired for the completion of the integration as well as it sustainability. The availability of a strong and relevant human resource is very important for the integrity of a project as their work ethic will design the pattern for project ethics and their input will basically be the determining factor of the project’s timely success and sustainability. Similarly, communications is an integral part of a project as effective communication can very easily take a moderate idea to success (Project Management Institute, 2004). However, the opposite also stands true, a great idea could be very poorly executed and fail if the communication between the entities involved is not lucid and at the level that it needs to be. Interpersonal skills are very important here as well as the development of good team dynamics. Hence keeping this in mind, for this particular business case, a simple communication model could be as seen in figure 1 below:
To modify this model according to the communication needed for the integration in the electronic ticketing system, the following model can be implemented:
Another aspect that can be incorporated in the above model after the re-evaluation section is the risk analysis section as risk evaluation is a very important aspect for any project launch. In the case of electronic ticketing, while the overall risk of the actual process of electronic ticketing has proven to be minimal for implementation, it is still very important that we run risk evaluation tests in order to see if the integration of the model of electronic ticketing will gel into out company structure as well as it has for other business structures.
Each of these eight areas is established throughout the process of any project management. In the very first stage of initiation, keeping in mind the phenomenon of electronic ticketing and its history, it will be very important to establish an integration program and a scope dimension in order to make clear the overall implementation process of the new technology across the company. Developing a business case here will therefore serve the purpose of defining the integration strategies and the overall potential scope of the technology within the Efficient Airline business structure.
In this business case, we will also give special attention to how the overall cost-benefit ratio will help the integration process. Another important aspect that we will pay special attention to in the first two stages is the overall risk factor that comes with the implementation of a new program. In this business case, we will thus highlight some of the risks that could potentially appear during the implementation process or after it and will also give recommendations on possible solutions.
Cost benefit model
The main purpose of providing the cost benefit model here in the business case is to give a clear idea of the overall savings and cost cuts that the company could potentially experience with the implementation of the electronic ticketing system. The table below will give an evaluation of the client services department that is mainly responsible for the reservation, ticketing and delivery issues and will analyze the effects on overall costs for Efficient Airlines when analyzing the ticket printing costs, ticket distribution and fulfillment expenses, human resource expenses and others.
AIRLINE COST BENEFIT MODEL
Effect of decrease in Costs
Department of Distribution — including Reservation, Ticketing & Delivery
Driver
Direct Sales
Agent Sales
Impact
Electronic
Ticketing
Ticket Printing Costs:
1. STD Printing
X
X
Cost Cut
2. STD Wallets
X
X
Cost Cut
3. STD Printers — depreciation, maintenance &cost of capital
X
X
Cost Cut
Ticket Distribution and Fulfillment Costs:
1. BSP and ARC
X
X
Cost Cut
2. Safe Custody and secure transport
X
X
Cost Cut
3. Envelopes
X
X
Cost Cut
4. Postage & courier
X
X
Cost Cut
5. Real estate: Ticket Offices, Call Centers & Airport Counters
X
X
Cost
Reduced
Radically
Manpower:
1. Managing safe custody and security of X
X
Cost Cut paper tickets/STDs
2. Issuance of STDs
X
X
Cost
Reduced
Radically
3. c. Lost tickets
X
X
Cost Cut
4. d. Exchanges and other post-fulfillment services
X
X
Cost
Reduced
Other Distribution costs:
1. Conversion to Direct, Web-sales
X
X
Asset
Cost
falls and Cash
inflow
Rises
2. Interline Sales Data purchasing from GDS
X
X
Cost Cut
In the table below, we analyze the direct impact that the use of a 100% electronic ticketing system will have on the overall client services patterns as they exist in the company now:
Driver
Impact
Electronic
Ticketing
Greater use of Self-Service Check-in:
a. Check-in Counters/Real Estate at Airports
Cost
Reduced
b. Boarding Card Printers — depreciation, maintenance and cost of capital
Cost
Reduced
Customer Service:
a. No “Ticket on Departure”
Faster
Client
Processing
b. Standard, electronic record of ticket higher customer
Empowerment
c. Electronic Interline endorsement
Higher
Satisfaction
d. Voluntary and Involuntary Re-routing
On-time flight
Departure
g. Ticketing and Customer Service counters/Real Estate at Airports
Higher overall fleet utilization
Manpower
a. Managing Check-in
Cost
Reduced
b. Managing Ticketing and Customer service counters
Cost
Reduced
Significantly
c. Managing Post-flight reconciliation and ticket coupon sorting
Cost Cut
* Cost cut denotes the elimination of the driver and 100% cost saving
* Cost reduced denotes a major change in the driver’s process of function with a cost saving percentage between 60%-80%
* cost reduced significantly denotes that major changes have occurred but major functionalities of the original process are still retained as support for the new structure and the overall cost saving percentages range between 30%-60%.
Project planning tools and techniques
The project planning tools and techniques which were necessary for the appropriate implementation of the e-ticketing integration in the Efficient Airline business structure; the first thing that was absolutely necessary was building a strong team. As discussed above, the human resource employed in any project is one of the main determinants of its success and failure. Hence the very first objective was to hire the personnel who were familiar with the e-ticketing structure and understood its advantages and disadvantages. This will hence be an in-house project (Heerkens, 2007). Understanding team dynamics will hence be also an important facet for the success of this integration. And one of the most important dynamics is the use of reward and punishment matrix, i.e. rewarding and acknowledging good team efforts and inputs and checking/modifying the efforts that are bringing down the overall process or the team.
The nest step is to analyze the need for e-ticketing within the current company structure. The business case that has been developed in this paper has highlighted the need for e-ticketing as an integral part of the company structure. The paper has also presented a financial breakdown of the cost-benefit analysis so to numerically support the advantages of e-ticketing that had been previously mentioned. Another important project technique that will be used in this process is the use and implementation of a modified communication process because that will allow us to perform re-evaluations and reality checks on the structure and it implementation. This particular aspect is important so that with the passage of time the unworthy and unnecessary aspects of the project can be eliminated and the appropriate aspects can be thoroughly implemented (Heerkens, 2007).
Another important too of Project management that will be incorporated during the six months of execution will be the use of appropriate communication channels that follow the model that has been exhibited earlier. That model will help apply an effective top-down and communication structure that will also work effectively the other way round. One of the other aspects that will be kept in mind while the project is in the process of completion will be to avoid and prevent all the post-project concerns, doubts or issues. This could be done through tactical planning or the use of various success metrics that are available for application from the business world and the aviation industry (Heerkens, 2007).
Project brief/scope (30)
The scope of electronic ticketing in today’s era is huge. Everything is now technologically driven and e-tickets have made it a lot easier for passengers to purchase their flight tickets and confirmations without having to hustle to the airport and stand in line while still facing the off-chance that they won’t be able to get on the flight that they want because by the tie their turn comes, the flight is full. In other words, it is more proficient and suitable for them. In addition to that, once the e-ticket ahs been booked, it will always be in the airline’s database hence you can’t loose your ticket. Furthermore, the scope of e-tickets is also vast because the customers can make changes in their itineraries without having to purchase new tickets with the changes.
In terms of the scope of e-tickets and their benefits within the firm, e-tickets reduce costs significantly as already shown in earlier tables. Furthermore, e-tickets pose an environment-friendly as saving the paper used up in printing paper tickets will save up to “the equivalent of 50,000 mature trees per year or about 5 square kilometers or 2 square miles of forest.”
Efficient Airline aims to establish the kind of footing in the e-ticketing industry that the clients and customers want to be associated with because of its human and business values. Hence the overall brief of the e-ticketing structure within the Efficient Airline business structure will present the following aspects:
Mission Statement:
Nothing is more common than the wish to be remarkable (William Shakespeare). And our wish to be remarkable expands to the global front through effective communication and easy access to flight reservations and booking.
We believe so strongly in our e-ticketing services that we feel we will be depriving you of a great resource if we didn’t do everything in our power to get the word out.
Objectives:
1. Involve all senses
See what hasn’t been seen
Hear what hasn’t been heard
Feel what hasn’t been felt
Project what hasn’t been imagined
We aim to involve our passengers in the overall services packages of the Airline by advertising and marketing on the e-tickets and the websites that provide the booking and reservation information.
2. Improve overall clientele base both in the corporate and social world.
We aim to improve the expanse of the airline in terms of the annual passengers as well as the total destinations through utilizing the costs saved from not printing paper tickets and relaying on electronic ticketing.
3. Adopt the Problem-solver approach
This simply means that “efficient airlines” will serve as a research engine also. The agency will invest time in analyzing consumer trends and the factors that pose a problem in e-ticketing work and projects and through quarterly publications provide solutions and alternatives.
Vision:
1. Ensure quality and efficiency in work and projects, e-ticketing and otherwise
Positioning:
Engage a percentage of savings from the e-ticketing process in charity or pro bono works across the country
Fund the activities of charity organizations and advertise their work for free based on the findings from the problem-solver approach on the e-ticketing booking sites. This will also pose a community development stance of the company, one that hadn’t existed before but was now doable because of the savings and cost cuts experienced with the integration of the e-ticketing system. Furthermore, the e-ticketing site will also have a link to guide the visitors to a page where they can donate money from a minimum of $5 to a maximum of $1,000 for charity organizations that will be affiliated to the Airline Company.
Product Brief — Efficient Airlines “E-ticketing” structure
1. Target consumer
Segmentation
North America — USA (change if location different)
Demographics
Three primary target audiences: one) the business organizations and customers; two) the international organizations; 3) those who have access to the internet and are inclined towards purchasing tickets online
Secondary: organizations that need image rebuilding or crises management advertising on online sites
Psychographics
Those who appreciate
– Quality over quantity
– Sense and sensibility
– Researched e-ticketing solutions
– Effective and noise-free communication from the booking/reservation to the boarding
2. Rational/emotional benefits
Rational
timely booking and reservation security of tickets easy 24-hour access easy itinerary updates
Emotional
Can conduct purchase and booking in the comfort of their homes
No worries on missing a flight
The opportunity to invest in human spirit through pro bono activities
3. Competitive context
Analysis of competition
List
4. Benefits offered by competitors
– Long-term experience in the e-ticketing industry
– Established Networking
– Established equity or image for stakeholders, clients and masses
5. Brand Equity
Purchasing tickets would no longer be just about going one place to another but will also be a way to improve and enhance one’s way of life
Vision – what we want it to stand for a modern, diverse, professional and ethically sound e-ticketing structure that offers premium services and extended quality to the customers
Perspective — what we want to add to its equity standing in the long run
A recognized, trusting, legally sound and clientele based airline company
6. Product news
The e-ticketing structure in “Efficient Airline” will be an efficient and convenient portal for customers to purchase and book tickets as well as get involved in community development.
Strategy for the implementation of change at the completion of the project
According to the obligations of IATA, the company integrating a new system, like the e-ticketing structure, can make use of running campaigns on print, electronic, outdoor and digital media to make their clientele base aware of the new change and how they can use it. They can update links on their websites or use the much preferred IATA strategy of “StB’s preferred partner program” through which a group of companies helps in spreading awareness through affiliations. According to the StB standards, it is also important to offer professional training to all employees being hired in the e-ticketing department, as well as regularly and appropriate updating their clients and stakeholders about the project and its progress (IATA, 2009). The following diagram shows the different ways in which IATA under the StB program supports the implementation of change within a system to go over smoothly with the clients, the stakeholders as well as within the company.
Hence, keeping the above standards in mind, we will need to make sure that the in-house teams run campaigns internally to continuously engage all the employees of the company in the new process and brings in outside services when needed to promote the campaigns on a much more extensive level. Furthermore, we will also need to stay in professional contact with those companies and organizations that have utilized the e-ticketing structures as well as consult business professionals who could help plan project management strategies in a much more comprehensive and foolproof manner. Furthermore, we will also study the general recommendation that have been given regarding the integration of e-ticketing processes over the years.
Recommendations on the appropriate “Risk Management Plan”
In this section, we will discuss the potential risk management plan that is necessary for this particular project. For this particular study, the definition of risk given by Larry Krantz, who is the Chief Executive of Euro Log Ltd., UK is very appropriate. According to Krantz “A risk is a combination of constraint and uncertainty” (Tusler, 1996). The fact is that we all encounter various constraints in the completion of our projects as well as the uncertainty that comes with staring anything new. For this study we have renamed the phenomenon of constraints as restraints and renamed the phenomenon of uncertainty with ambiguity (Project Management Institute, 2009). The figure below illustrates how the overall risk prevention project planning must work to clearly analyze the potential risk before the risk actually materializes (See Figure below).
In the figure above, the curved line is the intensity of risk that can be anticipated and managed and this can be decreased simultaneously with decreases in either the ambiguity or restraints that are experienced n the project. Even though that is difficult to do in most cases, in the case adopting the e-ticketing phenomenon in Efficient Airline, this can be done by conducting appropriate research on the e-ticketing structures of other companies and using the information gathered to reduce risk potential. It will still probably be more appropriate to decrease the ambiguity intensity then the restraints intensity as ambiguity is a manageable phenomenon.
Furthermore, in the figure above, it is obvious that risk cannot be completely eliminated; hence it is important that project team manages to develop strategies that will help in managing risk irrespective of how minimal it is (Project Management Institute, 2009).
For this study, we recommend a two-tier approach to managing risk: 1) risk evaluation and 2) risk management. The former can be conducted at any time during the project and can be done again and again at regular intervals. It is important that appropriate tests are also conducted to properly analyze the evaluations as being fruitful or futile. The latter, however, can only take place at the occurrence of a tangible risk and cannot be effective in application without a proper risk evaluation process. This simply means that if the risk evaluation isn’t appropriate then risk management procedures and strategies would be lacking significantly. However, it is important that one aspect isn’t ignored or preferred over the other as one cannot exist efficiently without the other. Risk evaluation and efforts in making it effective will go down the drain if the actual risk management is done haphazardly or lacks procedural efficiency (Tusler, 1996). The figure below shows how the risk management plan should be formatted for this particular study.
Another important aspect is that risks, like everything else, need to be prioritized keeping in mind the circumstances and the situations that the market, consumers, stakeholders and company is facing. All entities would not always be experiencing the same circumstances; hence circumstantial risk analysis will be conducted in order to correctly prioritize risk in terms of the levels of intensity. The Risk Impact/Probability Chart helps with this because it divides the entire risk structure into separate entities and helps allocate the attention that needs to be paid to each entity (See figure below).
The term “Probability” represents the likelihood of an incidence that might pose a significant or minimal amount of risk to the company. This is why the range of probability of risk is started just above 0% and goes up to nearly 100%. The reason that we haven’t taken the percentages at 0 and 100 is because there can never be a 0% chance of a risk because that would indicate that the risk doesn’t exist, and, a 100% ratio would not denote a risk, it would denote the certainty of an event, and a risk is always uncertain.
The impact of a risk, when looking at it intrinsically, is always negative or damaging to the company, hence, the impact in the figure does not denote anything but the negative aspect of a risk, instead it denotes the magnitude of the negativity or damage that adopting a risky strategy or an unforeseen risk could bring to the company. This impact can be in the overall finances of the firm, the position of the stakeholders, the impact on human life, the employees, the customers, or some other significant aspect like the resource allocations (Tusler, 1996).
The chances of using a risk/probability chart proving feasible in this particular study are high as it can always clearly define the relationships between risk and impact in four ways: 1) low impact/low probability: which denotes risks at minimal levels that can be overlooked; 2) low impact/high probability: which denotes risks that are not as damaging and can also be manages; 3) high impact/low probability: which denotes high-intensity risks that can happen but rarely do; and 4) high impact/high probability: which denote risks that are at the top priority of firms and can prove to be very damaging.
Hence in this study the two most appropriate method to design a risk management plan would the integration of the risk/probability chart with the two-tier approach designed specifically for this study as that would not only help define the relevant risks but also prioritize them accurately.
References
Holtzman, J. (1999). Getting Up to Standard. in: PM Network 13 (12)
Heerkens, G.R. (2007). Project Management: 24 steps to help you master any project. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
IATA, (2009). Electronic Ticketing for Passengers. Retrieved from: www.iata.org/stbsupportportal
IATA, (2009). Simplifying the Business. Retrieved from: http://www.iata.org/stb/e-ticketing/
IATA, (2009). Simplifying the Business — Change Model. Retrieved from: http://www.iata.org/stb/change_model.htm
Project Management Institute, Inc. (2009). Value of Project Management. Retrieved from: http://www.pmi.org/BusinessSolutions/Pages/Researching-Value-of-Project-Management-Study.aspx
Tusler, R. (1996). An Overview of Project Risk Management. Retrieved from: http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~rtusler/project/principl.html
Project Management Institute (2004). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Third Edition.
Noise
Source
Message
Receiver
Feedback
Prior Analysis
Noise
Noise
New Proposal
Integrate in the system
Re-
Evaluation
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Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
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